What determines adult cognitive skills? Influences of pre-school, school, and post-school experiences in Guatemala

Latin American Economic Review

Table 5 Estimated impacts of pre-school, school, and post-school experiences on cognitive skills: weighting for attrition (N = 1,448)

Panel A	Representation	Verbal skills	Nonverbal skills
Life-cycle stage	Representation	IV-GMM	IV-GMM
E₁	HAZ score at age 6	0.174 (0.122)	0.296 (0.145)
E₂	School attainment	0.084 (0.023)	0.020 (0.041)
E₃	Skilled job tenure	0.037 (0.015)	0.150 (0.021)
	Age at interview in 2002–2004	0.149 (0.098)	−0.016 (0.105)
	Age at interview squared ×10	−0.025 (0.015)	−0.004 (0.015)
	Constant	−2.208 (1.415)	1.132 (1.702)
	Test diagnostics
	F statistic	16.1	27.8
	[p value]	[<0.01]	[<0.01]
	Hansen J test [p value]	[0.16]	[0.13]

Panel B	First-stage diagnostics
	Endogenous variable	F statistic on instruments excluded in second stage	[p value]
E₁	HAZ score at age 6	7.8	[<0.01]
E₂	School attainment	12.9	[<0.01]
E₃	Skilled job tenure	24.6	[<0.01]
	Kleibergen–Paap Wald F statistic	6.9	[<0.05]

Instrumental variables (GMM) estimation, using all instruments identified in Table 2, and weighted as described in Sect. 4.2.4. Standard errors calculated allowing for clustering at the birth-year-community level are shown in parentheses below coefficient estimates, which are in bold if significant at 5 % or lower; p values are in brackets