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Latin American Economic Review

Table 4 Random Effects and Fixed Effects estimations

From: New directions of trade for the agri-food industry: a disaggregated approach for different income countries, 1963–2000

lnX ijt

Agri-food exports Random Effects

Agri-food exports Fixed Effects

S–S

S–N

N–N

N–S

S–S

S–N

N–N

N–S

lnY it

0.44***

0.47***

0.18***

0.95***

−2.74**

−1.51***

−1.56***

1.323***

lnY jt

0.56***

1.34***

1.00***

0.90***

2.46***

3.15***

1.63***

0.409***

lnYpcp it

0.97***

0.56***

0.41***

−0.11

4.49**

2.73***

2.07***

1.323***

lnYpcp jt

0.11

−1.59***

−0.26***

−0.30***

−1.32***

−2.43***

−0.50***

0.409***

lnDist ij

−1.18***

−0.07

−0.48***

−1.11***

    

lnExcvol ijt

0.03***

−0.01

−0.007**

0.01**

0.053***

0.01

−0.01***

0.011***

Border ij

1.01**

0.37

0.55**

−0.72

    

Language ij

−0.56

0.99**

1.32***

0.49**

    

Both_in_MERCOSUR ijt

0.12

   

0.13

   

Both_in_ANDEAN ijt

−0.22

   

−0.20

   

Both_in_ASEAN ijt

0.50

   

0.81

   

Both_in_GSTP ijt

−0.08*

   

0.20***

   

Both_in_APEC ijt

0.90***

0.51***

0.28***

−0.02

0.69***

0.40***

0.35***

−0.34**

Both_in_NAFTA ijt

 

−0.01

0.19

1.05**

 

0.04

0.27

1.23**

One_in_ NAFTA ijt

0.80***

0.15**

−0.34***

0.28***

0.87***

0.20**

−0.30***

0.22**

One_in_ EU ijt

 

−0.03

0.04*

0.50***

 

0.02

0.06**

0.43***

One_in_ EFTA ijt

 

−0.11*

0.26***

0.64***

 

−0.19**

0.29***

0.78***

One_in_ CER ijt

 

0.05

0.01

1.33***

 

0.32*

0.03

0.67***

Both_in_EU ijt

  

1.03***

   

0.99***

 

Both_in_EFTA ijt

  

0.83***

   

0.93***

 

Both_in_CER ijt

  

0.27

   

0.22

 

NRA ijt

−0.04

−0.00

  

0.07

−0.06*

  

Gatt 63-94

−0.33***

−0.08*

0.26***

−0.01

−0.28***

−0.11**

0.24***

0.02

Gatt 94-05

0.24***

0.28**

0.30***

0.07

0.26***

0.27***

0.29***

0.14**

Constant

−13.7***

−26.1***

−16.8***

−24.8***

−7.6***

−31.4***

−18.9***

−33.6***

Country FE

    

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No. observ.

10.061

10.597

14.401

15.121

10.061

10.597

14.401

15.121

R-Squared.

0.40

0.45

0.56

0.43

0.29

0.19

0.44

0.27

LM Breuch–Pagan

        

RE > OLS

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

    

F-test FE > OLS

    

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Hausman test FE > RE

    

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Wald test

    

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Woolridge

    

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

  1. Prais-Winsten estimation with PCSE and fixed effects. N–N: North–North trade, among high-income countries; N–S: North–South trade, exports from high-income countries to low-income countries; S–N: South–North trade, exports from low-income countries to high-income countries; S–S: South–South trade, among low-income countries
  2. All variables are in logarithms, except binary variables (such as common border, language and different RTAs)
  3. ***, ** and * denote statistical significance at the 1, 5 and 10 % level respectively
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