Table 11 Full estimation results of model 1-different samples

Equation 1 (Ability measure)

   Father’s ability

0.245***

0.015

   Mother’s ability

0.288***

0.014

0.385***

0.011

   Parents’ ability (highest)

0.407***

0.010

   Female

–0.032**

0.014

–0.015

0.011

–0.012

0.011

   Old parents

–0.047***

0.014

–0.052***

0.011

0.018

0.011

   Young parents

0.015

0.015

0.021*

0.012

0.020*

0.012

   First born

0.021

0.015

0.020*

0.012

0.022*

0.012

Equation 2 (Father’s education)

   Father’s ability

0.347***

0.013

   Father’s age

–0.195***

0.013

   Indigenous father

–0.053***

0.013

   Father grew up in city

0.185***

0.013

Equation 3 (Mother’s education)

   Mother’s ability

0.374***

0.013

0.357***

0.010

   Mother’s age

–0.211***

0.012

–0.239***

0.010

   Indigenous mother

–0.071***

0.012

–0.076***

0.010

   Mother grew up in city

0.186***

0.013

0.254***

0.010

Equation 3’ (For highest parental education)

   Parents’ ability (highest)

0.365***

0.010

   Parents’ age (highest)

–0.246***

0.010

   Indigenous parents (at least 1)

–0.078***

0.010

   Parents grew up in city

0.234***

0.010

Equation 4 (Wealth index)

   Father’s education

0.275***

0.016

   Mother’s education

0.155***

0.017

0.329***

0.012

   Parents’ education (highest)

0.362***

0.011

   Father’s ability

0.034**

0.014

   Mother’s ability

0.118***

0.015

0.154***

0.012

   Parents’ ability (highest)

0.148***

0.011

   Indigenous father

–0.121***

0.016

   Indigenous mother

–0.208***

0.016

–0.276***

0.010

   Indigenous parents (at least 1)

–0.256***

0.010

   Father’s age

0.049**

0.021

   Mother’s age

0.155***

0.021

0.133***

0.011

   Parents’ age (highest)

0.117***

0.011

Equation 5 (Consumption)

   Father’s education

0.300***

0.016

   Mother’s education

0.198***

0.017

0.407***

0.011

   Parents’ education (highest)

0.444***

0.011

   Father’s ability

0.042***

0.015

   Mother’s ability

0.130***

0.015

0.154***

0.012

   Parents’ ability (highest)

0.138***

0.011

   Indigenous father

–0.053***

0.017

   Indigenous mother

–0.116***

0.017

–0.156***

0.011

   Indigenous parents (at least 1)

–0.140***

0.010

   Father’s age

0.087***

0.022

   Mother’s age

0.054**

0.021

0.107***

0.011

   Parents’ age (highest)

0.102***

0.011

Equation 6 (Schooling outcome)

   Cognitive ability

0.218***

0.015

0.252***

0.012

0.246***

0.012

   Wealth index

0.146***

0.019

0.152***

0.015

0.155***

0.015

   Consumption

0.073***

0.018

0.094***

0.015

0.086***

0.014

   Father’s education

0.086***

0.018

   Mother’s education

0.136***

0.018

0.158***

0.013

   Parents’ education (highest)

0.172***

0.013

   Female

0.040***

0.014

0.043***

0.011

0.046***

0.011

   Rural area

–0.007

0.017

–0.007

0.014

0.002

0.014

   Oportunidades

0.057***

0.017

0.041***

0.013

0.041***

0.013

   Worked in 2002

–0.143***

0.015

–0.128***

0.012

–0.122***

0.012

   Worked in 2005

–0.029*

0.015

–0.036***

0.012

–0.037***

0.012

   First born

0.029**

0.014

0.028**

0.011

0.027**

0.011

   Number children

–0.090***

0.014

–0.080***

0.011

–0.083***

0.011

   Number teenagers

–0.100***

0.015

–0.090***

0.012

–0.090***

0.012

   Government program dummies

Included

Included

Included

   State fixed effects

Included

Included

Included

 Sample size

4,266

6,547

6,690

\(R^2\)

0.249

0.256

0.264