Table 11 Estimates of the models of technology adoption (Wheat farmers)
From: Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile
Variables | Probit Irrigation = 1 | Ordered probit+ Level: 1, 2, 3 | Multinomial probit | Probit on selected sample Modern irrigation = 1 | Probit with sample selection Modern irrigation = 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modern | Traditional | |||||
Moments of production distribution | ||||||
Mean | 0.218 (0.031)*** | 0.186 (0.028)*** | 0.180 (0.0791)** | 0.306 (0.0452)*** | 0.019 (0.077) | 0.023 (0.092) |
St. Dev. | 0.386 (0.228)* | 0.215 (0.221) | −0.579 (0.649) | 0.743 (0.331)** | −1.061 (0.685) | −1.091 (0.692) |
Skewness | 0.075 (0.088) | −0.0181 (0.084) | −0.199 (0.247) | 0.173 (0.126) | −0.294 (0.254) | −0.201 (0.275) |
Household characteristics | ||||||
Gender | −8.83e−05 (0.0002) | −6.44e−05 (0.0002) | 0.0001 (0.033) | −0.0001 (0.0003) | 0.001 (0.037) | 0.0007 (0.103) |
Age | −0.017 (0.039) | −0.013 (0.037) | 0.037 (0.178) | −0.031 (0.058) | 0.111 (0.208) | 0.160 (0.239) |
Education | 0.048 (0.011)*** | 0.040 (0.010)*** | 0.073 (0.036)** | 0.065 (0.015)*** | 0.059 (0.037) | 0.069 (0.041)* |
Reside in farm | 0.248 (0.039)*** | 0.233 (0.035)*** | 0.615 (0.169)*** | 0.328 (0.058)*** | 0.217 (0.186) | 0.209 (0.224) |
Dependence | −0.000156 (0.000178) | −0.0001 (0.0002) | −0.00137 (0.0113) | −0.000218 (0.000252) | −0.001 (0.034) | −0.0005 (0.025) |
Capital | 0.258 (0.0446)*** | 0.224 (0.041)*** | 0.168 (0.124) | 0.386 (0.066)*** | −0.175 (0.146) | −0.299 (0.145)** |
Land | 0.0831 (0.0273)*** | 0.078 (0.026)*** | 0.246 (0.069)*** | 0.105 (0.039)*** | 0.190 (0.081)** | 0.164 (0.0901)* |
Institutional aspects | ||||||
Secure tenure | 0.0931 (0.055)* | 0.088 (0.053)* | 0.113 (0.196) | 0.128 (0.0824) | −0.100 (0.233) | −0.0824 (0.272) |
Extension | 0.230 (0.056)*** | 0.279 (0.059)*** | 0.828 (0.153)*** | 0.238 (0.0832)*** | 0.542 (0.163)*** | 0.504 (0.184)*** |
Credit | 0.0165 (0.068) | 0.049 (0.068) | 0.243 (0.201) | −0.0189 (0.101) | 0.241 (0.221) | 0.374 (0.266) |
Participation | 0.551 (0.046)*** | 0.408 (0.039)*** | 0.181 (0.186) | 0.819 (0.0680)*** | −0.262 (0.194) | −0.251 (0.246) |
N° irrigat (T) | 0.001 (3.07e−05)*** | 0.0009 (2.68e−05)*** | (0.195) 0.0003 | 0.002 (0.0776)*** | −0.001 (0.0005)** | −0.0009 (0.0004)** |
N° irrigat (M) | −0.002 (0.0003)*** | −0.002 (0.0003)*** | 0.002 (0.0003)** | −0.004 (4.41e−05)*** | 0.004 (0.0008)*** | 0.004 (0.001)*** |
Environmental factors | ||||||
Soil quality | −0.240 (0.0967)** | −0.123 (0.094) | −0.198 (0.353) | −0.306 (0.141)** | 0.366 (0.346) | 0.485 (0.377) |
Rainfall | −0.453 (0.0528)*** | −0.399 (0.055)*** | −0.362 (0.195)* | −0.651 (0.077)*** | 0.094 (0.158) | |
North zone | 0.363 (0.194)* | 0.538 (0.211)** | 1.011 (0.893) | 0.433 (0.286) | 0.614 (0.486) | 0.295 (2.823) |
South zone | −0.247 (0.170) | −0.157 (0.180) | −0.0101 (0.302) | −0.583 (0.300)* | −0.022 (0.454) | −0.114 (0.515) |
Constant | 1.126 (0.433)*** | −1.991 (1.772) | 1.628 (0.637)** | −2.760 (1.646)* | −3.826 (1.768)** | |
Cut 1 | −0.900 (0.447)** | |||||
Cut 2 | 1.245 (0.449)*** | |||||
Observations | 8254 | 8254 | 8254 | 2035 | 2035 | |