From: Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile
Variables | Probit Irrigation = 1 | Ordered probit+ Level: 1, 2, 3 | Multinomial probit | Probit on selected sample Modern irrigation = 1 | Probit with sample selection Modern irrigation = 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modern | Traditional | |||||
Moments of production distribution | ||||||
Mean | 0.036 (0.029) | 0.018 (0.018) | 0.053 (0.077) | 0.050 (0.046) | 0.135 (0.100) | 0.1498 (0.092) |
St. Dev. | 0.521 (0.143)*** | 0.154 (0.125) | −0.325 (0.351) | 0.844 (0.195)*** | −1.129 (0.292)*** | −0.943 (0.271)*** |
Skewness | 0.039 (0.017)** | 0.005 (0.016) | −0.013 (0.040) | 0.068 (0.024)** | −0.108 (0.034)*** | −0.087 (0.032)*** |
Household characteristics | ||||||
Gender | 0.133 (0.073)* | 0.129 (0.055)** | 0.055 (0.192) | 0.224 (0.108)** | −0.261 (0.233) | −0.235 (0.223) |
Age | −0.164 (0.105) | −0.117 (0.084) | 0.209 (0.294) | −0.321 (0.159)** | 0.192 (0.348) | 0.139 (0.324) |
Education | 0.068 (0.016)*** | 0.062 (0.013)*** | 0.144 (0.036)*** | 0.071 (0.028)** | 0.131 (0.0472)*** | 0.125 (0.045)*** |
Reside in farm | 0.123 (0.072)* | 0.053 (0.0532) | 0.399 (0.227)* | 0.128 (0.108) | 0.695 (0.241)*** | 0.647 (0.239)*** |
Dependence | 0.017 (0.029) | −0.005 (0.024) | 0.017 (0.070) | 0.028 (0.043) | −0.016 (0.080) | −0.0006 (0.0751) |
Capital | 0.009 (0.004)** | 0.008 (0.003)** | 0.025 (0.012)* | 0.009 (0.006) | 0.029 (0.013)** | 0.0254 (0.012)** |
Land | 0.138 (0.036)*** | 0.085 (0.035)** | 0.366 (0.099)*** | 0.121 (0.050)** | 0.117 (0.089) | 0.121 (0.082) |
Institutional aspects | ||||||
Secure tenure | 0.223 (0.095)** | 0.239 (0.068)*** | 0.650 (16.302) | 0.261 (0.131)** | 0.601 (0.470) | 0.497 (7.043) |
Extension | 0.235 (0.098)** | 0.260 (0.088)*** | 0.639 (0.184)*** | 0.112 (0.158) | 0.481 (0.238)** | 0.434 (0.224)* |
Credit | 0.161 (0.087)* | 0.213 (0.071)*** | 0.638 (0.181)*** | 0.006 (0.136) | 0.457 (0.22)** | 0.475 (0.204)** |
Participation | 0.205 (0.070)** | 0.098 (0.054)* | 0.056 (0.180) | 0.355 (0.105)*** | −0.213 (0.200) | −0.136 (0.182) |
N° irrigat (T) | 0.0019 (0.0001)*** | 0.0012 (0.000)*** | 0.001 (0.000)*** | 0.002 (0.0002)*** | −0.001 (0.0002)*** | −0.0011 (0.0002)*** |
N° irrigat (M) | −0.0007 (0.0006) | −0.001 (0.0003)*** | 0.0029 (0.001)** | −0.002 (0.0008)** | 0.002 (0.0009)*** | 0.002 (0.0009)** |
Environmental factors | ||||||
Soil quality | −0.652 (0.154)*** | −0.138 (0.117) | −0.813 (0.457)* | −0.924 (0.226)*** | 0.661 (0.454) | 0.586 (0.480) |
Rainfall | −1.191 (0.067)*** | −0.885 (0.052)*** | −0.383 (0.237) | −1.791 (0.094)*** | ||
North zone | 1.151 (0.300)*** | 0.375 (0.098) | 2.249 (5.865) | 1.599 (5.867) | −0.524 (0.310)* | −0.404 (0.295) |
South zone | −0.530 (0.131)*** | −0.859 (0.131) | −0.794 (0.250)*** | −28.95 (3.388)*** | ||
Constant | 6.435 (0.693)*** | −2.555 (16.397) | 10.117 (1.027)*** | −2.873 (1.430)** | −2.823 (7.087) | |
Cut1 | −4.636 (0.530)*** | |||||
Cut2 | −2.246 (0.495) | |||||
Observations | 7274 | 7274 | 7274 | 1223 | 1223 |