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Table 9 Estimates of the models of adoption in selected regions

From: Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile

Variables

Probit

Irrigation = 1

Ordered probit+

Level: 1, 2, 3

Multinomial probit

Probit on selected sample

Modern irrigation = 1

Probit with sample selection

Modern irrigation = 1

Modern

Traditional

Moments of production distribution

 Mean

0.078 (0.042)*

0.058 (0.027)**

0.231 (0.118)**

0.083 (0.062)

0.190 (0.121)

0.197 (0.105)*

 St. Dev.

0.903 (0.183)***

0.257 (0.142)*

0.367 (0.505)

1.410 (0.274)***

−0.471 (0.417)

−0.856 (0.358)**

 Skewness

0.104 (0.024)***

0.033 (0.019)*

0.079 (0.071)

0.158 (0.037)***

−0.027 (0.056)

−0.086 (0.048)*

Household head characteristics

 Gender

0.082 (1.43)

0.106 (0.065)

−0.145 (0.221)

0.214 (0.120)*

−0.345 (0.276)

−0.285 (0.244)

 Age

−0.135 (0.113)

−0.088 (0.091)

0.185 (0.329)

−0.257 (0.165)

0.364 (0.367)

0.185 (0.367)

 Education

0.059 (0.020)***

0.057 (0.016)***

0.173 (0.045)***

0.052 (0.031)*

0.142 (0.049)***

0.139 (0.048)***

 Reside in plot

0.098 (0.075)

0.068 (0.057)

0.681 (0.242)**

0.064 (0.109)

0.603 (0.271)**

0.742 (0.248)***

 Dependence

−0.009 (0.030)

−.0017 (0.025)

−0.018 (0.082)

−0.0091 (0.043)

0.040 (0.085)

0.028 (0.079)

 Capital

0.0128 (0.004)***

0.0100 (0.003)***

0.041 (0.014)**

0.012 (0.006)**

0.0292 (0.014)**

0.023 (0.013)*

 Land

0.164 (0.038)***

0.103 (0.032)***

0.407 (0.096)***

0.154 (0.052)**

0.222 (0.103)**

0.148 (0.087)*

Institutional aspects

 Secure tenure

0.283 (0.098)***

0.277 (0.073)***

0.776 (32.17)

0.344 (0.144)**

0.535 (0.486)

0.028 (0.079)

 Extension

0.181 (0.103)*

0.229 (0.102)**

0.586 (0.232)**

0.128 (0.159)

0.429 (0.255)*

0.388 (0.227)*

 Credit

0.119 (0.098)

0.201 (0.083)**

0.567 (0.217)**

0.006 (0.142)

0.480 (0.230)**

0.502 (0.229)**

 Participation

0.183 (0.081)**

0.091 (0.060)

0.200 (0.218)

0.270 (0.112)**

−0.003 (0.218)

−0.079 (0.193)

 N° irrigat (T)

0.001 (0.0001)***

0.001 (0.00006)***

0.0013 (0.0002)***

0.002 (0.0002)***

−0.0012(0.0002)***

−0.001 (0.0002)***

 N° irrigat (M)

−0.001 (0.0006)*

−0.0014(0.0003)***

0.002 (0.001)**

−0.002 (0.0009)**

0.0030 (0.001)***

0.002 (0.0009)**

Environmental factors

 Soil quality

−0.506 (0.156)***

−0.017 (0.131)

−0.413 (0.492)

−0.742 (0.218)***

0.378 (0.500)

0.335 (0.471)

 Rainfall

−1.11 (0.068)***

−0.850 (0.056)***

−0.513 (0.219)**

−1.682 (0.102)

  

 North zone

1.325 (0.303)***

0.513 (0.109)

2.031 (5.46)

1.763 (5.460)

0.329 (0.311)

−0.436 (0.299)

 Constant

5.619 (0.700)***

 

−2.540 (32.35)

8.820 (1.046)***

−9.134 (2.12)**

−2.970 (7.413)

 Cut 1

 

−4.201 (0.563)***

    

 Cut 2

 

−1.744 (0.528)

    

Observations

3461

3461

3461

1006

1006

  1. Bootstrapped standard errors in parentheses, 1000 replications
  2. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1