From: Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile
Variables | Probit Irrigation = 1 | Ordered probit+ Level: 1, 2, 3 | Multinomial probit | Probit on selected sample Modern irrigation = 1 | Probit with sample selection Modern irrigation = 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modern | Traditional | |||||
Moments of production distribution | ||||||
Mean | 0.078 (0.042)* | 0.058 (0.027)** | 0.231 (0.118)** | 0.083 (0.062) | 0.190 (0.121) | 0.197 (0.105)* |
St. Dev. | 0.903 (0.183)*** | 0.257 (0.142)* | 0.367 (0.505) | 1.410 (0.274)*** | −0.471 (0.417) | −0.856 (0.358)** |
Skewness | 0.104 (0.024)*** | 0.033 (0.019)* | 0.079 (0.071) | 0.158 (0.037)*** | −0.027 (0.056) | −0.086 (0.048)* |
Household head characteristics | ||||||
Gender | 0.082 (1.43) | 0.106 (0.065) | −0.145 (0.221) | 0.214 (0.120)* | −0.345 (0.276) | −0.285 (0.244) |
Age | −0.135 (0.113) | −0.088 (0.091) | 0.185 (0.329) | −0.257 (0.165) | 0.364 (0.367) | 0.185 (0.367) |
Education | 0.059 (0.020)*** | 0.057 (0.016)*** | 0.173 (0.045)*** | 0.052 (0.031)* | 0.142 (0.049)*** | 0.139 (0.048)*** |
Reside in plot | 0.098 (0.075) | 0.068 (0.057) | 0.681 (0.242)** | 0.064 (0.109) | 0.603 (0.271)** | 0.742 (0.248)*** |
Dependence | −0.009 (0.030) | −.0017 (0.025) | −0.018 (0.082) | −0.0091 (0.043) | 0.040 (0.085) | 0.028 (0.079) |
Capital | 0.0128 (0.004)*** | 0.0100 (0.003)*** | 0.041 (0.014)** | 0.012 (0.006)** | 0.0292 (0.014)** | 0.023 (0.013)* |
Land | 0.164 (0.038)*** | 0.103 (0.032)*** | 0.407 (0.096)*** | 0.154 (0.052)** | 0.222 (0.103)** | 0.148 (0.087)* |
Institutional aspects | ||||||
Secure tenure | 0.283 (0.098)*** | 0.277 (0.073)*** | 0.776 (32.17) | 0.344 (0.144)** | 0.535 (0.486) | 0.028 (0.079) |
Extension | 0.181 (0.103)* | 0.229 (0.102)** | 0.586 (0.232)** | 0.128 (0.159) | 0.429 (0.255)* | 0.388 (0.227)* |
Credit | 0.119 (0.098) | 0.201 (0.083)** | 0.567 (0.217)** | 0.006 (0.142) | 0.480 (0.230)** | 0.502 (0.229)** |
Participation | 0.183 (0.081)** | 0.091 (0.060) | 0.200 (0.218) | 0.270 (0.112)** | −0.003 (0.218) | −0.079 (0.193) |
N° irrigat (T) | 0.001 (0.0001)*** | 0.001 (0.00006)*** | 0.0013 (0.0002)*** | 0.002 (0.0002)*** | −0.0012(0.0002)*** | −0.001 (0.0002)*** |
N° irrigat (M) | −0.001 (0.0006)* | −0.0014(0.0003)*** | 0.002 (0.001)** | −0.002 (0.0009)** | 0.0030 (0.001)*** | 0.002 (0.0009)** |
Environmental factors | ||||||
Soil quality | −0.506 (0.156)*** | −0.017 (0.131) | −0.413 (0.492) | −0.742 (0.218)*** | 0.378 (0.500) | 0.335 (0.471) |
Rainfall | −1.11 (0.068)*** | −0.850 (0.056)*** | −0.513 (0.219)** | −1.682 (0.102) | ||
North zone | 1.325 (0.303)*** | 0.513 (0.109) | 2.031 (5.46) | 1.763 (5.460) | 0.329 (0.311) | −0.436 (0.299) |
Constant | 5.619 (0.700)*** | −2.540 (32.35) | 8.820 (1.046)*** | −9.134 (2.12)** | −2.970 (7.413) | |
Cut 1 | −4.201 (0.563)*** | |||||
Cut 2 | −1.744 (0.528) | |||||
Observations | 3461 | 3461 | 3461 | 1006 | 1006 |