Skip to main content

Table 3 Results from the unit root tests

From: Defence expenditure and economic growth in Latin American countries: evidence from linear and nonlinear causality tests

 

ADF test

Perron test

KPSS test

 

Level

1st diff.

Level

1st diff.

Level

1st diff.

Argentina

 lnGDP

−3.44**

−6.29***

−49.94***

−61.99***

0.09*

0.03*

 lnMGDP

−1.99

−4.04***

−9.21

−56.21***

1.61***

0.09*

 lnINV

−2.83

−4.59***

−14.57

−41.87***

1.17***

0.04*

Bolivia

 lnGDP

−2.67

−5.22***

−39.87***

−54.57***

0.27*

0.05*

 lnMGDP

−3.73**

−4.26***

−12.6

−57.69***

0.36*

0.14*

 lnINV

−2.90

−4.16***

−22.48**

−51.28***

0.19*

0.04*

Brazil

 lnGDP

−3.40*

−5.53***

−47.26***

−61.69***

0.88***

0.04*

 lnMGDP

−2.20

−4.09***

−12.88

−52.19***

0.67***

0.04*

 lnINV

−2.51

−4.44***

−19.53**

−50.67***

0.33*

0.03*

Chile

 lnGDP

−2.42

−5.85***

−57.49***

−73.27***

0.25*

0.03*

 lnMGDP

−0.77

−3.59**

−3.36

−58.90***

1.52***

0.32*

 lnINV

−2.91

−4.44***

−28.94***

−58.07***

1.14***

0.02*

Colombia

 lnGDP

−3.53**

−5.56***

−43.34***

−69.29***

0.31*

0.02*

 lnMGDP

−2.13

−3.68**

−9.49

−45.49***

0.96***

0.05*

 lnINV

−3.50**

−4.66***

−20.15***

−52.56***

0.43*

0.07*

Dominican Republic

 lnGDP

−4.32***

−5.55***

−43.48***

−58.19***

0.18*

0.02*

 lnMGDP

−1.55

−3.22*

−15.60

−48.56***

2.27***

0.04*

 lnINV

−2.72

−4.47***

−18.24*

−57.87***

0.80***

0.05*

Ecuador

 lnGDP

−2.94

−6.18***

−51.06***

−69.33***

0.12*

0.02*

 lnMGDP

−2.42

−4.54***

−22.25**

−62.01***

0.40*

0.07*

 lnINV

−4.01**

−4.44***

−16.47

−60.26***

0.94***

0.07*

El Salvador

 lnGDP

−3.44*

−3.72**

−26.04***

−61.39***

0.43*

0.03*

 lnMGDP

−1.52

−3.15*

−3.43

−42.69***

0.53**

0.25*

 lnINV

−3.00

−3.28*

−13.28

−45.24***

0.10*

0.05*

Guatemala

 lnGDP

−2.45

−3.80**

−13.72

−55.08***

0.41*

0.14*

 lnMGDP

−3.94**

−3.97**

−11.06

−50.77***

0.36*

0.06*

 lnINV

−2.46

−4.01**

−16.80*

−55.61***

0.25*

0.03*

Mexico

 lnGDP

−4.18***

−6.02***

−35.30***

−55.06***

0.78***

0.01*

 lnMGDP

−3.59**

−3.74**

−20.25**

−69.49***

0.25*

0.10*

 lnINV

−2.89

−4.14***

−15.64

−53.71***

0.44*

0.05*

Paraguay

 lnGDP

−1.90

−4.10**

−44.72***

−66.01***

0.51**

0.02*

 lnMGDP

−2.40

−3.76**

−9.36

−81.82***

1.88***

0.12*

Peru

 lnGDP

−3.81**

−5.75***

−42.69***

−60.86***

0.07*

0.02*

 lnMGDP

−2.01

−3.61**

−12.68

−55.21***

1.98***

0.09*

 lnINV

−2.39

−5.42***

−11.35

−50.83***

0.81***

0.15*

Venezuela

 lnGDP

−2.86

−4.18***

−62.20***

−77.58***

0.15*

0.02*

 lnMGDP

−3.88**

−5.63***

−38.15***

−54.49***

1.98***

0.01*

 lnINV

−2.39

−4.79***

−19.42*

−47.04***

0.32*

0.03*

  1. ***, **, and * Significant at the 1, 5, and 10 levels, respectively