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Latin American Economic Review

Table 6 BDS results

From: Defence expenditure and economic growth in Latin American countries: evidence from linear and nonlinear causality tests

 

Length in SD (σ 2)

Emdedding dimension (m)

W statistic of variables

lnGDP

lnMGDP

lnINV

Argentina

0.5

2

26.85***

49.77***

10.76***

 

0.5

3

40.16***

65.44***

9.93***

 

0.5

4

64.09***

61.97***

8.96***

 

0.5

5

69.38***

32.30***

8.28***

Bolivia

0.5

2

3.51***

6.67***

2.80***

 

0.5

3

4.61***

7.32***

2.77***

 

0.5

4

6.41***

8.38***

2.38***

 

0.5

5

7.73***

8.63***

2.40***

Brazil

0.5

2

5.59***

33.99***

21.48***

 

0.5

3

7.03***

22.98***

23.03***

 

0.5

4

4.09***

14.11***

30.89***

 

0.5

5

2.72***

16.47***

21.02***

Chile

0.5

2

2.61***

28.13***

9.03***

 

0.5

3

0.34

45.92***

8.97***

 

0.5

4

4.89***

2.66***

5.25***

 

0.5

5

3.26***

1.74**

3.51***

Colombia

0.5

2

17.28***

24.51***

8.64***

 

0.5

3

21.33***

10.42***

1.96**

 

0.5

4

20.53***

6.34***

5.40***

 

0.5

5

13.95***

4.41***

3.61***

Dominican Republic

0.5

2

9.41***

16.30***

38.12***

 

0.5

3

77.17***

15.80***

31.57***

 

0.5

4

46.01***

1.19

7.26***

 

0.5

5

31.35***

0.74

4.88***

Ecuador

0.5

2

5.29***

2.21***

10.36***

 

0.5

3

6.16***

4.53***

6.51***

 

0.5

4

12.26***

2.60***

15.14***

 

0.5

5

2.93***

1.70*

10.26***

El Salvador

0.5

2

17.01***

21.37***

16.77***

 

0.5

3

11.88***

58.81***

56.65***

 

0.5

4

59.44***

58.27***

62.91***

 

0.5

5

10.93***

22.77***

59.56***

Guatemala

0.5

2

36.04***

25.84***

14.63***

 

0.5

3

37.88***

37.45***

19.21***

 

0.5

4

68.29***

60.27***

26.28***

 

0.5

5

85.52***

72.97***

38.56***

Mexico

0.5

2

1.82**

19.44***

13.25***

 

0.5

3

1.42*

17.56***

4.52***

 

0.5

4

5.20***

17.75***

10.42***

 

0.5

5

3.47***

16.61***

3.74***

Paraguay

0.5

2

10.24***

59.00***

 
 

0.5

3

6.61***

22.74***

 
 

0.5

4

40.09***

13.70***

 
 

0.5

5

3.08***

9.44***

 

Peru

0.5

2

5.11***

32.95***

32.70***

 

0.5

3

16.79***

10.05***

44.60***

 

0.5

4

22.65***

6.12***

26.54***

 

0.5

5

15.55***

4.26***

18.05***

Venezuela

0.5

2

33.59***

13.22***

20.55***

 

0.5

3

92.57***

8.82***

14.91***

 

0.5

4

66.42***

5.16***

13.80***

 

0.5

5

45.29***

3.45***

9.35***

  1. k represents five dimensions; SD equals 0.5
  2. ***, **, and * Significant at the 1, 5, and 10% levels, respectively
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