Latin American Economic Review

Table 4 Lee and Strazicich (2003) LM unit root test with two structural breaks

From: Oil price, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions: insight into sustainability challenges in Venezuela

	At level		At first difference		Result
	t-Statistic	Break dates	t-Statistic	Break dates	Result
lnEngy	− 5.646 [4]	1978, 2003	− 8.082 [3]***	1981, 1991	I(1)
lnOil	− 5.145 [1]	1982, 1997	− 7.775 [3]***	1979, 1987	I(1)
lnCO₂	− 5.325 [1]	1977, 2004	− 7.301 [1]***	1982, 2007	I(1)
lnRgdpc	− 4.976 [1]	1980, 2005	− 6.243 [1]**	1999, 2003	I(1)
lnGCE	− 5.102 [1]	1989, 1995	− 8.093 [2]***	1994, 1998	I(1)
lnTrd	− 5.241 [3]	1981, 1990	− 7.330 [1]***	1976, 1988	I(1)

Lag length in []. ** And *** indicates significance at 5% level and 1% level, respectively

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