| Number of observations | Mean | Standard deviation | Minimum | Maximum | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Between | Within | |||||
Outcomes | |||||||
 Real GDP per capita ($) | 4564 | 5234 | 5889 | 2756 | 5230 | 397 | 31,711 |
Latent indices of political institutions | |||||||
 De jure | 4564 | 10.22 | 10.58 | 8.63 | 6.32 | 0 | 93.23 |
 De facto | 4564 | 45.51 | 37.34 | 24.38 | 28.65 | − 2.39 | 119.13 |
Geography covariates | |||||||
 Latitude | 4564 | 30.63 | 26.79 | 27.27 | – | − 36.3 | 59.55 |
 Longitude | 4564 | 3.08 | 58.36 | 59.42 | – | − 99.10 | 139.83 |
 Terrain ruggedness | 4564 | 1.65 | 1.29 | 1.31 | – | 0.037 | 5.043 |
 Soil quality | 4564 | 39.66 | 17.20 | 17.52 | – | 0.073 | 69.97 |
 Desert (%) | 4564 | 0.84 | 3.02 | 3.08 | – | 0 | 15.48 |
 Tropical (%) | 4564 | 14.40 | 32.81 | 33.41 | – | 0 | 99.54 |
 Distance to coast | 4564 | 42.39 | 33.50 | 34.11 | – | 0 | 100 |
 Landlocked | 4564 | 0.10 | 0.309 | 0.314 | – | 0 | 1 |
 Log precipitation | 4564 | 6.87 | 0.52 | 0.53 | – | 5.42 | 8.08 |
Legal history covariates | |||||||
 Common law | 4564 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.35 | – | 0 | 1 |
 French civil law | 4564 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.50 | – | 0 | 1 |
 German civil law | 4564 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.39 | – | 0 | 1 |
 Scandinavian civil law | 4564 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.31 | – | 0 | 1 |
Culture covariates | |||||||
 Ethnic fractionalization | 4564 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.22 | – | 0.01 | 0.67 |
 Linguistic fractionalization | 4564 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | – | 0.02 | 0.75 |
 Religious fractionalization | 4564 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.22 | – | 0 | 0.82 |