Table 1 Summary statistics: mean and standard deviations (N = 1,448)

K ₃ : Cognitive skills

 Reading comprehension score (RCS) or verbal skills

36.05 (22.3)

34.41 (21.9)

37.95* (22.7)

 RCS + pre-literacy test scores (RCS + prelit)

66.93 (29.7)

64.74 (29.9)

69.45* (29.2)

  Raven score or nonverbal skills

17.70 (6.1)

16.26 (5.4)

19.36* (6.5)

E: Life-cycle stage experiences

 E₁: HAZ at age six (1,268 non-missing cases)

−2.22 (0.96)

−2.20 (0.95)

−2.30 (0.97)

 E ₂ : School attainment (grades)

4.69 (3.5)

4.29 (3.3)

5.15* (3.6)

 E ₃ : Skilled job tenure (years)

2.85 (4.8)

1.27 (3.4)

4.67* (5.5)

  Migrant to Guatemala City in 2002–2004 (=1)

0.17

0.18

0.15

I ₀ : Individual characteristics

 Age at interview in 2002–2004 (years)

32.33 (4.2)

32.42 (4.3)

32.23 (4.2)

  Age at interview in 2002–2004 squared (years²)

1,063.2 (277.8)

1,069.5 (281.6)

1,056.0 (273.4)

Instruments

 E ₀ : Genetic endowment

  Male (=1)

0.46

0.00

1.00

  Twin (=1)

0.02

0.02

0.01

 F ₀ : Household and parental characteristics

  Household wealth index z score [1,330 non-missing cases]

−3.10 (0.92)

−3.10 (0.91)

−3.09 (0.93)

  Mother’s school attainment (grades) [1,427 non-missing cases]

1.36 (1.7)

1.25 (1.6)

1.48* (1.8)

  Father’s school attainment (grades) [1,344 non-missing cases]

1.71 (2.1)

1.69 (2.0)

1.77 (2.3)

 ΔC: Natural, market or policy shocks

  Mother or father had died before child age 18 (= 1)

0.08

0.08

0.09

  Student–teacher ratio at child age 7

39.93 (9.0)

40.26 (9.4)

39.55 (8.5)

  Lower secondary school available at child age 7 (= 1)

0.21

0.21

0.21

  Child born during the two years prior to 1976 earthquake (=1)

0.14

0.15

0.13

  Ln salary in manufacturing industry at child age 18

1.60 (0.5)

1.58 (0.5)

1.61 (0.5)

 Intent-to-treat nutritional intervention dummies

  Exposure 00–36 months (= 1)

0.39

0.37

0.42

  Exposure 00–36 months × atole (= 1)

0.21

0.21

0.22

Observations

1,448

775

673