From: Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile
Variables | Probit Irrigation = 1 | Ordered probit+ Level: 1, 2, 3 | Multinomial probit | Probit on selected sample Modern irrigation = 1 | Probit with sample selection Modern irrigation = 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modern | Traditional | |||||
Moments of production distribution | ||||||
Mean | 0.0392 (0.0284) | 0.0196 (0.0206) | 0.0770 (0.0826) | 0.0519 (0.0425) | 0.155 (0.0919)* | 0.172 (0.0841)** |
St. Dev. | 0.552 (0.130)*** | 0.170 (0.0968)* | −0.0352 (0.286) | 1.000 (0.205)*** | −0.630 (0.338)* | −0.906 (0.287)*** |
Skewness | 0.0436 (0.0160)*** | 0.00728 (0.0119) | 0.00930 (0.0317) | 0.0861 (0.0255)*** | −0.0458 (0.0404) | −0.0820 (0.0340)** |
Household characteristics | ||||||
Gender | 0.137 (0.0711)* | 0.127 (0.0570)** | 0.0614 (0.179) | 0.220 (0.106)** | −0.347 (0.217) | −0.286 (0.199) |
Age | −0.228 (0.299) | −0.0813 (0.237) | 0.812 (1.216) | −0.496 (0.441) | 2.608 (2.427) | 1.985 (1.884) |
Education | 0.118 (0.0534)** | 0.106 (0.0412)** | 0.122 (0.186) | 0.162 (0.0784)** | −0.0997 (0.286) | −0.117 (0.241) |
Reside in farm | 0.129 (0.0738)* | 0.0612 (0.0564) | 0.542 (0.205)*** | 0.169 (0.109) | 0.558 (0.222)** | 0.672 (0.207)*** |
Dependence | 0.0207 (0.0312) | −0.00394 (0.0241) | −0.000804 (0.0692) | 0.0160 (0.0473) | 0.0189 (0.0844) | −0.0155 (0.0766) |
Capital | 0.00966 (0.00458)** | 0.00870 (0.00354)** | 0.0269 (0.0111)** | 0.00894 (0.00693) | 0.0253 (0.0136)* | 0.0259 (0.0123)** |
Land | 0.0757 (0.0950) | 0.0241 (0.0714) | 0.599 (0.294)** | 0.101 (0.139) | 0.466 (0.367) | 0.520 (0.356) |
Institutional aspects | ||||||
Secure tenure | 0.264 (1.266) | 0.788 (1.012) | 3.549 (4.951) | −0.228 (1.873) | 9.854 (10.35) | 8.578 (8.106) |
Extension | −0.480 (1.409) | −0.378 (1.130) | 3.051 (2.662) | −2.089 (2.252) | 1.552 (3.881) | 0.129 (3.490) |
Credit | 0.262 (1.258) | −0.147 (0.951) | −0.901 (2.535) | 2.460 (1.954) | −2.204 (3.304) | −1.669 (3.016) |
Participation | 0.216 (0.0821)*** | 0.0992 (0.0581)* | 0.00871 (0.174) | 0.337 (0.123)*** | −0.0558 (0.192) | −0.131 (0.178) |
Edad × Secure tenure | 0.0351 (0.323) | −0.102 (0.256) | −0.830 (1.228) | 0.190 (0.478) | −2.524 (2.475) | −2.248 (1.939) |
Edad × Extension | 0.138 (0.348) | 0.135 (0.279) | −0.611 (0.653) | 0.477 (0.554) | −0.256 (0.946) | 0.0569 (0.852) |
Edad × Credit | 0.0196 (0.311) | 0.117 (0.235) | 0.453 (0.626) | −0.561 (0.483) | 0.743 (0.807) | 0.621 (0.741) |
Education × Secure tenure | −0.0403 (0.0566) | −0.0378 (0.0432) | 0.102 (0.189) | −0.0862 (0.0834) | 0.261 (0.289) | 0.279 (0.243) |
Education × Extension | 0.0160 (0.0588) | 0.0131 (0.0449) | −0.0624 (0.102) | 0.0473 (0.0953) | −0.00933 (0.132) | 0.0487 (0.120) |
Education × Credit | −0.0798 (0.0492) | −0.0493 (0.0354) | −0.157 (0.0849)* | −0.149 (0.0812)* | −0.0997 (0.106) | −0.115 (0.0970) |
Land × Secure tenure | 0.109 (0.0987) | 0.109 (0.0737) | 0.0212 (0.293) | 0.0863 (0.146) | −0.209 (0.378) | −0.353 (0.364) |
Land × Extension | −0.191 (0.0809)** | −0.139 (0.0614)** | −0.242 (0.140)* | −0.285 (0.130)** | 0.179 (0.163) | 0.158 (0.148) |
Land × Credit | 0.00431 (0.0696) | −0.0401 (0.0510) | −0.230 (0.129)* | 0.118 (0.111) | −0.181 (0.144) | −0.186 (0.133) |
N° irrigat (T) | 0.00197 (8.40e−05)*** | 0.00127 (5.56e−05)*** | 0.00158 (0.000240)*** | 0.00302 (0.000120)*** | −0.00121 (0.000240)*** | −0.00114 (0.000226)*** |
N° irrigat (M) | −0.000829 (0.000501)* | −0.00144 (0.000304)*** | 0.00317 (0.000889)*** | −0.00160 (0.000699)** | 0.00310 (0.000825)*** | 0.00232 (0.000792)*** |
Environmental factors | ||||||
Soil quality | −0.643 (0.139)*** | −0.133 (0.110) | −0.872 (0.355)** | −1.004 (0.202)*** | 0.542 (0.404) | 0.530 (0.373) |
Rainfall | −1.184 (0.0680)*** | −0.886 (0.0511)*** | −0.716 (0.181)*** | −1.941 (0.0968)*** | 0.831 (0.173)*** | |
North zone | 1.125 (0.302)*** | 0.363 (0.123)*** | 1.777 (0.577)*** | 1.419 (0.426)*** | 0.474 (0.353) | −0.373 (0.277) |
South zone | −0.559 (0.129)*** | −0.894 (0.102)*** | ||||
Constant | 6.442 (1.289)*** | −2.908 (5.131) | 11.34 (1.894)*** | −17.38 (10.31)* | −9.377 (7.925) | |
Cut 1 | −4.349 (1.019)*** | |||||
Cut 2 | −1.954 (1.019)* | |||||
Observations | 7274 | 7274 | 7274 | 1223 | 1223 |