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Table 8 Estimates of the models of technology adoption with interactions

From: Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile

Variables

Probit

Irrigation = 1

Ordered probit+

Level: 1, 2, 3

Multinomial probit

Probit on selected sample

Modern irrigation = 1

Probit with sample selection

Modern irrigation = 1

Modern

Traditional

Moments of production distribution

 Mean

0.0392 (0.0284)

0.0196 (0.0206)

0.0770 (0.0826)

0.0519 (0.0425)

0.155 (0.0919)*

0.172 (0.0841)**

 St. Dev.

0.552 (0.130)***

0.170 (0.0968)*

−0.0352 (0.286)

1.000 (0.205)***

−0.630 (0.338)*

−0.906 (0.287)***

 Skewness

0.0436 (0.0160)***

0.00728 (0.0119)

0.00930 (0.0317)

0.0861 (0.0255)***

−0.0458 (0.0404)

−0.0820 (0.0340)**

Household characteristics

 Gender

0.137 (0.0711)*

0.127 (0.0570)**

0.0614 (0.179)

0.220 (0.106)**

−0.347 (0.217)

−0.286 (0.199)

 Age

−0.228 (0.299)

−0.0813 (0.237)

0.812 (1.216)

−0.496 (0.441)

2.608 (2.427)

1.985 (1.884)

 Education

0.118 (0.0534)**

0.106 (0.0412)**

0.122 (0.186)

0.162 (0.0784)**

−0.0997 (0.286)

−0.117 (0.241)

 Reside in farm

0.129 (0.0738)*

0.0612 (0.0564)

0.542 (0.205)***

0.169 (0.109)

0.558 (0.222)**

0.672 (0.207)***

 Dependence

0.0207 (0.0312)

−0.00394 (0.0241)

−0.000804 (0.0692)

0.0160 (0.0473)

0.0189 (0.0844)

−0.0155 (0.0766)

 Capital

0.00966 (0.00458)**

0.00870 (0.00354)**

0.0269 (0.0111)**

0.00894 (0.00693)

0.0253 (0.0136)*

0.0259 (0.0123)**

 Land

0.0757 (0.0950)

0.0241 (0.0714)

0.599 (0.294)**

0.101 (0.139)

0.466 (0.367)

0.520 (0.356)

Institutional aspects

 Secure tenure

0.264 (1.266)

0.788 (1.012)

3.549 (4.951)

−0.228 (1.873)

9.854 (10.35)

8.578 (8.106)

 Extension

−0.480 (1.409)

−0.378 (1.130)

3.051 (2.662)

−2.089 (2.252)

1.552 (3.881)

0.129 (3.490)

 Credit

0.262 (1.258)

−0.147 (0.951)

−0.901 (2.535)

2.460 (1.954)

−2.204 (3.304)

−1.669 (3.016)

 Participation

0.216 (0.0821)***

0.0992 (0.0581)*

0.00871 (0.174)

0.337 (0.123)***

−0.0558 (0.192)

−0.131 (0.178)

 Edad × Secure tenure

0.0351 (0.323)

−0.102 (0.256)

−0.830 (1.228)

0.190 (0.478)

−2.524 (2.475)

−2.248 (1.939)

 Edad × Extension

0.138 (0.348)

0.135 (0.279)

−0.611 (0.653)

0.477 (0.554)

−0.256 (0.946)

0.0569 (0.852)

 Edad × Credit

0.0196 (0.311)

0.117 (0.235)

0.453 (0.626)

−0.561 (0.483)

0.743 (0.807)

0.621 (0.741)

 Education × Secure tenure

−0.0403 (0.0566)

−0.0378 (0.0432)

0.102 (0.189)

−0.0862 (0.0834)

0.261 (0.289)

0.279 (0.243)

 Education × Extension

0.0160 (0.0588)

0.0131 (0.0449)

−0.0624 (0.102)

0.0473 (0.0953)

−0.00933 (0.132)

0.0487 (0.120)

 Education × Credit

−0.0798 (0.0492)

−0.0493 (0.0354)

−0.157 (0.0849)*

−0.149 (0.0812)*

−0.0997 (0.106)

−0.115 (0.0970)

 Land × Secure tenure

0.109 (0.0987)

0.109 (0.0737)

0.0212 (0.293)

0.0863 (0.146)

−0.209 (0.378)

−0.353 (0.364)

 Land × Extension

−0.191 (0.0809)**

−0.139 (0.0614)**

−0.242 (0.140)*

−0.285 (0.130)**

0.179 (0.163)

0.158 (0.148)

 Land × Credit

0.00431 (0.0696)

−0.0401 (0.0510)

−0.230 (0.129)*

0.118 (0.111)

−0.181 (0.144)

−0.186 (0.133)

 N° irrigat (T)

0.00197 (8.40e−05)***

0.00127 (5.56e−05)***

0.00158 (0.000240)***

0.00302 (0.000120)***

−0.00121 (0.000240)***

−0.00114 (0.000226)***

 N° irrigat (M)

−0.000829 (0.000501)*

−0.00144 (0.000304)***

0.00317 (0.000889)***

−0.00160 (0.000699)**

0.00310 (0.000825)***

0.00232 (0.000792)***

Environmental factors

 Soil quality

−0.643 (0.139)***

−0.133 (0.110)

−0.872 (0.355)**

−1.004 (0.202)***

0.542 (0.404)

0.530 (0.373)

 Rainfall

−1.184 (0.0680)***

−0.886 (0.0511)***

−0.716 (0.181)***

−1.941 (0.0968)***

0.831 (0.173)***

 

 North zone

1.125 (0.302)***

0.363 (0.123)***

1.777 (0.577)***

1.419 (0.426)***

0.474 (0.353)

−0.373 (0.277)

 South zone

−0.559 (0.129)***

−0.894 (0.102)***

    

 Constant

6.442 (1.289)***

 

−2.908 (5.131)

11.34 (1.894)***

−17.38 (10.31)*

−9.377 (7.925)

 Cut 1

 

−4.349 (1.019)***

    

 Cut 2

 

−1.954 (1.019)*

    

Observations

7274

7274

7274

1223

1223

  1. Bootstrapped standard errors in parentheses, 1000 replications
  2. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1