From: Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile
Variables | Probit Irrigation = 1 | Ordered probit+ Level: 1, 2, 3 | Multinomial probit | Probit on selected sample Modern irrigation = 1 | Probit with sample selection Modern irrigation = 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modern | Traditional | |||||
Moments of production distribution | ||||||
Mean | 0.0546 (0.0291)* | 0.0294 (0.0211) | 0.0657 (0.0806) | 0.0658 (0.0427) | 0.132 (0.0922) | 0.140 (0.0874) |
St. Dev. | 0.529 (0.140)*** | 0.222 (0.102)** | −0.259 (0.311) | 0.906 (0.213)*** | −0.722 (0.349)** | −0.701 (0.337)** |
Skewness | 0.0332 (0.0172)* | 0.00890 (0.0127) | −0.00985 (0.0336) | 0.0695 (0.0265)*** | −0.0593 (0.0417) | −0.0573 (0.0400) |
Household head characteristics | ||||||
Gender | 0.108 (0.0723) | 0.122** | 0.0836 | 0.186* | −0.295 | −0.281 |
(0.0576) | (0.179) | (0.106) | (0.215) | (0.207) | ||
Age | −0.178 (0.117) | −0.122 (0.0927) | 0.145 (0.299) | −0.376 (0.171)** | 0.346 (0.387) | 0.277 (0.377) |
Education | 0.0701 (0.0179)*** | 0.0646 (0.0137)*** | 0.145 (0.0387)*** | 0.0692 (0.0267)*** | 0.123 (0.0436)*** | 0.122 (0.0426)*** |
Reside in plot | 0.130 (0.0757)* | 0.0906 (0.0570) | 0.440 (0.201)** | 0.197 (0.110)* | 0.526 (0.223)** | 0.531 (0.217)** |
Dependence | 0.0418 (0.0329) | 0.0290 (0.0250) | 0.0161 (0.0689) | 0.0210 (0.0485) | 0.0616 (0.0846) | 0.0566 (0.0819) |
Capital | 0.00546 (0.00470) | 0.00615 (0.00359)* | 0.0276 (0.0112)** | 0.00492 (0.00703) | 0.0277 (0.0137)** | 0.0230 (0.0132)* |
Land | 0.102 (0.0349)*** | 0.0810 (0.0260)*** | 0.386 (0.0712)*** | 0.163 (0.0516)*** | 0.204 (0.0849)** | 0.198 (0.0818)** |
Institutional aspects | ||||||
Secure tenure | 0.115 (0.101) | 0.148 (0.0789)* | 0.674 (0.338)** | 0.105 (0.148) | 0.642 (0.424) | 0.556 (0.401) |
Extension | 0.256 (0.0969)*** | 0.272 (0.0773)*** | 0.604 (0.179)*** | 0.124 (0.151) | 0.455 (0.224)** | 0.438 (0.217)** |
Credit | 0.225 (0.0920)** | 0.246 (0.0688)*** | 0.561 (0.177)*** | −0.0893 (0.140) | 0.461 (0.206)** | 0.488 (0.200)** |
Participation | 0.183 (0.0880)** | 0.0879 (0.0603) | 0.0286 (0.173) | 0.335 (0.125)*** | 0.0678 (0.191) | 0.0917 (0.187) |
N° irrigat (T) | 0.00182 (9.35e−05)*** | 0.00104 (6.13e−05)*** | 0.00173 (0.000249)*** | 0.00290 (0.000128)*** | −0.00114 (0.000282)*** | −0.000943 (0.000270)*** |
N° irrigat (M) | −0.000311 (0.000521) | −0.000954 (0.000323)*** | 0.00275 (0.000885)*** | −0.00122 (0.000728)* | 0.00297 (0.000824)*** | 0.00268 (0.000806)*** |
Environmental factors | ||||||
Soil quality | −0.268 (0.155)* | 0.165 (0.117) | −1.317 (0.391)*** | −0.766 (0.212)*** | 0.234 (0.450) | 0.168 (0.443) |
Rainfall | −0.562 (0.0935)*** | −0.565 (0.0678)*** | −0.665 (0.190)*** | −1.750 (0.106)*** | 0.883 (0.205)*** | 0.712 (0.208)*** |
Regional dummies | ||||||
Region 4 | 1.445 (0.441)*** | 0.472 (0.194)** | 0.898 (0.749) | 0.134 (0.578) | 1.163 (0.454)** | 1.039 (0.452)** |
Region 5 | 2.222 (0.405)*** | 0.986 (0.158)*** | 2.304 (0.773)*** | 2.445 (0.618)*** | 0.209 (0.394) | 0.223 (0.396) |
Region 7 | 0.756 (0.108)*** | 0.451 (0.0846)*** | −0.451 (0.534) | 0.846 (0.150)*** | ||
Region 9 | −0.489 (0.107)*** | −0.594 (0.0885)*** | 0.510 (0.207)** | −0.320 (0.150)** | 0.506 (0.329) | 0.566 (0.313)* |
Region 10 | −0.999 (0.158)*** | −1.282 (0.125)*** | ||||
Region 13 | 2.251 (0.400)*** | 0.446 (0.131)*** | 6.259 (3,430) | |||
Region 14 | −0.807 (0.237)*** | −1.046 (0.189)*** | ||||
Constant | 2.182 (0.850)** | 9.926 (1.078)*** | −0.650 (1.950) | −9.466 (2.331)*** | −8.212 (2.334)*** | |
Cut 1 | −2.496 (0.624)*** | |||||
Cut 2 | −0.118 (0.625) | |||||
Observations | 7274 | 7274 | 7274 | 1211 | 1211 |