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Table 10 Estimates of the models of adoption with regional variables

From: Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile

Variables

Probit

Irrigation = 1

Ordered probit+

Level: 1, 2, 3

Multinomial probit

Probit on selected sample

Modern irrigation = 1

Probit with sample selection

Modern irrigation = 1

Modern

Traditional

Moments of production distribution

 Mean

0.0546 (0.0291)*

0.0294 (0.0211)

0.0657 (0.0806)

0.0658 (0.0427)

0.132 (0.0922)

0.140 (0.0874)

 St. Dev.

0.529 (0.140)***

0.222 (0.102)**

−0.259 (0.311)

0.906 (0.213)***

−0.722 (0.349)**

−0.701 (0.337)**

 Skewness

0.0332 (0.0172)*

0.00890 (0.0127)

−0.00985 (0.0336)

0.0695 (0.0265)***

−0.0593 (0.0417)

−0.0573 (0.0400)

Household head characteristics

 Gender

0.108 (0.0723)

0.122**

0.0836

0.186*

−0.295

−0.281

(0.0576)

(0.179)

(0.106)

(0.215)

(0.207)

 Age

−0.178 (0.117)

−0.122 (0.0927)

0.145 (0.299)

−0.376 (0.171)**

0.346 (0.387)

0.277 (0.377)

 Education

0.0701 (0.0179)***

0.0646 (0.0137)***

0.145 (0.0387)***

0.0692 (0.0267)***

0.123 (0.0436)***

0.122 (0.0426)***

 Reside in plot

0.130 (0.0757)*

0.0906 (0.0570)

0.440 (0.201)**

0.197 (0.110)*

0.526 (0.223)**

0.531 (0.217)**

 Dependence

0.0418 (0.0329)

0.0290 (0.0250)

0.0161 (0.0689)

0.0210 (0.0485)

0.0616 (0.0846)

0.0566 (0.0819)

 Capital

0.00546 (0.00470)

0.00615 (0.00359)*

0.0276 (0.0112)**

0.00492 (0.00703)

0.0277 (0.0137)**

0.0230 (0.0132)*

 Land

0.102 (0.0349)***

0.0810 (0.0260)***

0.386 (0.0712)***

0.163 (0.0516)***

0.204 (0.0849)**

0.198 (0.0818)**

Institutional aspects

 Secure tenure

0.115 (0.101)

0.148 (0.0789)*

0.674 (0.338)**

0.105 (0.148)

0.642 (0.424)

0.556 (0.401)

 Extension

0.256 (0.0969)***

0.272 (0.0773)***

0.604 (0.179)***

0.124 (0.151)

0.455 (0.224)**

0.438 (0.217)**

 Credit

0.225 (0.0920)**

0.246 (0.0688)***

0.561 (0.177)***

−0.0893 (0.140)

0.461 (0.206)**

0.488 (0.200)**

 Participation

0.183 (0.0880)**

0.0879 (0.0603)

0.0286 (0.173)

0.335 (0.125)***

0.0678 (0.191)

0.0917 (0.187)

 N° irrigat (T)

0.00182 (9.35e−05)***

0.00104 (6.13e−05)***

0.00173 (0.000249)***

0.00290 (0.000128)***

−0.00114 (0.000282)***

−0.000943 (0.000270)***

 N° irrigat (M)

−0.000311 (0.000521)

−0.000954 (0.000323)***

0.00275 (0.000885)***

−0.00122 (0.000728)*

0.00297 (0.000824)***

0.00268 (0.000806)***

Environmental factors

 Soil quality

−0.268 (0.155)*

0.165 (0.117)

−1.317 (0.391)***

−0.766 (0.212)***

0.234 (0.450)

0.168 (0.443)

 Rainfall

−0.562 (0.0935)***

−0.565 (0.0678)***

−0.665 (0.190)***

−1.750 (0.106)***

0.883 (0.205)***

0.712 (0.208)***

Regional dummies

 Region 4

1.445 (0.441)***

0.472 (0.194)**

0.898 (0.749)

0.134 (0.578)

1.163 (0.454)**

1.039 (0.452)**

 Region 5

2.222 (0.405)***

0.986 (0.158)***

2.304 (0.773)***

2.445 (0.618)***

0.209 (0.394)

0.223 (0.396)

 Region 7

0.756 (0.108)***

0.451 (0.0846)***

−0.451 (0.534)

0.846 (0.150)***

  

 Region 9

−0.489 (0.107)***

−0.594 (0.0885)***

0.510 (0.207)**

−0.320 (0.150)**

0.506 (0.329)

0.566 (0.313)*

 Region 10

−0.999 (0.158)***

−1.282 (0.125)***

    

 Region 13

2.251 (0.400)***

0.446 (0.131)***

   

6.259 (3,430)

 Region 14

−0.807 (0.237)***

−1.046 (0.189)***

    

 Constant

2.182 (0.850)**

 

9.926 (1.078)***

−0.650 (1.950)

−9.466 (2.331)***

−8.212 (2.334)***

 Cut 1

 

−2.496 (0.624)***

    

 Cut 2

 

−0.118 (0.625)

    

Observations

7274

7274

7274

1211

1211

  1. Bootstrapped standard errors in parentheses, 1000 replications
  2. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1