Defence expenditure and economic growth in Latin American countries: evidence from linear and nonlinear causality tests

Latin American Economic Review

Table 4 Results from the ZA unit root tests with a structural break

	Variable	Level	Break	1st diff.	Break
Argentina	lnGDP	−7.67***	2009	−11.19***	1975
	lnMGDP	−7.67***	2009	−11.19***	1975
	lnINV	−3.70	1981	−6.81***	1963
Bolivia	lnGDP	−7.02***	1978	−11.05***	1970
	lnMGDP	−5.99***	1975	−C10.61***	1976
	lnINV	−4.36	2003	−8.69***	2004
Brazil	lnGDP	−6.57***	1977	−10.64***	2013
	lnMGDP	−5.03*	1987	−8.88***	1981
	lnINV	−4.21	1995	−8.12***	1989
Chile	lnGDP	−8.94***	1998	−14.02***	1965
	lnMGDP	−5.36**	1970	−9.56***	1969
	lnINV	−5.54**	1987	−9.90***	1983
Colombia	lnGDP	−6.50***	1981	−11.72***	1998
	lnMGDP	−5.03*	1972	−8.37***	1977
	lnINV	−5.29**	1999	−7.58***	1995
Dominican Republic	lnGDP	−6.69***	2003	−10.24***	1970
	lnMGDP	−4.60	1987	−9.31***	1991
	lnINV	−4.75	1981	−9.36***	1964
Ecuador	lnGDP	−8.16***	1982	−12.68***	1983
	lnMGDP	−5.04*	1980	−9.64***	1984
	lnINV	−6.49***	1965	−9.63***	1966
El Salvador	lnGDP	−4.82*	1990	−10.54***	1986
	lnMGDP	−3.41	1979	−7.41***	1985
	lnINV	−4.38	1979	−7.07***	1978
Guatemala	lnGDP	−9.82***	1992	−9.24***	1993
	lnMGDP	−5.39**	1992	−8.18***	1995
	lnINV	−4.49	2006	−8.49***	1975
Mexico	lnGDP	−6.05***	2001	−9.50***	2002
	lnMGDP	−4.83*	2004	−9.90***	2006
	lnINV	−5.16***	1982	−8.16***	1995
Paraguay	lnGDP	−8.34***	1998	−12.44***	2002
	lnMGDP	−3.45	2002	−13.59***	2005
Peru	lnGDP	−6.56***	1979	−10.62***	1978
	lnMGDP	−5.37**	1975	−10.64***	2008
	lnINV	−3.54	1968	−7.42***	1982
Venezuela	lnGDP	−8.28***	2002	−14.41***	1985
	lnMGDP	−7.52***	2010	−10.66***	2011
	lnINV	−5.19**	1983	−8.26***	1990