Fig. 8

Placebo tests. The bold lines represent the difference between the observed variable in Bolivia and the synthetic control. The gray lines represent placebo test deviations for the other countries in the data set. The graphs exclude countries with pre-treatment RMSE 2.2 times higher than Bolivia. The vertical line corresponds to the year prior to the treatment (2005). Clockwise, the first panel presents the results for the Gini coefficient, the second for the dropout rate, the third for the infant mortality rate, and the fourth for life expectancy